ENCYCLOPEDIA INTERNATIONAL
V.2, P.165-167, 1979
From the biological viewpoint both nitrogen and oxygen are
highly important. Atmospheric nitrogen, which comes mostly form volcanic
eruptions, goes into the making of plant and animal proteins. It moves in
various chemical forms from the air into soil, there into plants, from them
into animals, and back into the soil, from which it returns to the air. This
cycle involves the activity of soil bacteria called nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
All living things, except the most primitive one-celled organisms, require
oxygen for many important chemical and biological processes. For example, man
has to breathe oxygen in order to live, and its pressure must be within a
certain range. The lower limit of pressure is generally equivalent to that
prevailing at 10,000 ft. above sea level. Above this height, up to about 25.000
ft., the respiratory and related functions can, with some difficulty, adapt
themselves. At higher elevations adjustment fails, often resulting in death
from "oxygen starvation". The source of oxygen in the atmosphere is open to
question, but most of it probably is given off by plants. Carbon dioxide is
taken from the air in the course of photosynthesis, the wonderful process by
which plants use the energy of sunlight to combine carbon dioxide with water,
yielding food for themselves and releasing oxygen to the air. Atmospheric
carbon dioxide comes mainly from volcanoes and gas sources within the earth. It
is also exhaled by animals, and some is formed as a by-product of fuel
consumption or by other industrial processes. Consequently it is found only in
the lower atmosphere. Ozone (O4) is the triatomic form of oxygen, produced by
the action of ultraviolet radiation. Some ozone is found at ground level, but
most of it occurs in the "ozone layer," which fluctuates in elevation but is
centered at an average height of about 30 mi.
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ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA
V.1, P. 394, 1986
AIR PRESSURE, âr presh'ar, is the force per unit area
exerted by the atmosphere. The atmosphere, or air, exerts a pressure because of
its weight (gravitational force between the air and the earth). The fact that
air has weight was first demonstrated in 1644 by the Italian scientist
Evangelista Torricelli, who invented the mercury barometer to prove his point.
At sea level, the pressure of the atmosphere is approximately equal to the
weight per unit cross-sectional area of a column of mercury 76 centimers high.
At any altitude, the weight of the air is proportional to the mass of air above
the altitude. Therefore, air pressure, like air mass, decreases with increasing
height. This fact, which was first proved by Blaise Pascal in 1648, is the
basis for the pressure altimeter, an instrument that determines altitude by
measuring pressure. Mercury barometers, aneroid barometers, and other types of
barometers are used to measure air pressure. Pressure often is expressed in
inches, centimeters, or millimeters of mercury. However, the correct unit of
pressure should have the dimensions of force divided by area. In meteorology,
the unit of air pressure is the millibar, which is defined as 1.000 dynes per
square centimeter. (The dyne is the unit of force in the cgs system.) At sea
level, the air pressure is approximately equal to 1,000 millibars. At 6
kilometers above sea level the pressure is about 500 millibars. A pressure of
1,000 millibars corresponds to approximately 76 centimeters (30 inches) of
mercury, which is equivalent to a pressure of about 14.5 pounds per square
inch. In high-altitude commercial airplanes, the pressure inside the plane is
maintained at a value that is safe and comfortable for human activity. Without
this pressurization the air pressure would be too low to provide sufficient
oxygen for life, and the rapid pressure changes accompanying changes in
altitude would produce serious physical discomfort as well as "bends"
(aeroembolism). This condition is caused by the release of nitrogen bubbles
into the blood when pressure drops too rapidly.
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