ENCYCLOPEDIA
BRITANNICA:
Estuaries
Estuaries are places where rivers meet the sea and may be
defined as areas where salt water is measurably diluted with fresh water. On
average, estuaries are biologically more productive than either the adjacent
river or the sea because they have a special kind of water circulation that
traps plant nutrients and stimulates primary production. Fresh water, being
lighter than salt water, tends to form a distinct layer that floats at the
surface of the estuary. At the boundary between fresh and salt water, there is
a certain amount of mixing caused by the flow of fresh water over salt and by
the ebb and flow of tides. Additional mixing may be caused from time to time by
strong winds and by internal waves that are propagated along the interface
between fresh and salt water.
Salinity in the oceans is constant but is more variable
along the coast where seawater is diluted with freshwater from runoff or from
the emptying of rivers. This brackish water forms a barrier separating marine
and freshwater organisms.
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